The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） faces significant challenges due to tumor heterogeneity and the complexity of the immune microenvironment. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase （cGAS）-stimulator of interferon gene （STING） signaling pathway plays a dual role in NSCLC， serving both as a crucial hub for anti-tumor immunity and as a potential driver of metastasis. The clinical translation of STING agonists confronts a series of challenges， including delivery barriers， double-edged sword effects， and patient heterogeneity. Consequently， exploring the combined application of STING agonists with radiotherapy/chemotherapy， immune checkpoint inhibitors， and novel immunotherapies， alongside leveraging artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics models for individualized prediction and treatment， holds significant importance. A deeper understanding of the molecular regulatory network of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and its dynamic functions within the tumor microenvironment is essential for overcoming the current clinical challenges of targeted therapies and advancing the precision development of NSCLC immunotherapy strategies.